What were they for? A Study of the Uses of Pyramidal Lead Weights from Metropolis (Ionia) and Interpretations in Light of their Archaeological Contexts

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the possible uses of pyramidal lead weights unearthed in Metropolis. By comparing the artifacts with analogous examples found in different archaeological contexts, we hope to shed new light on their purpose and significance. Pyramidal weights unearthed during archaeological excavations across ancient Metropolis are analyzed and interpreted within their specific archaeological contexts. These interpretations are not limited to classifying the artifacts by their form, weight, or chronology; they also explore their potential purpose and uses as manufactured objects. Additional attention is likewise given to markings (monograms and symbols) found on some weights. Consideration is given as to what these markings were used for, whether or not there is a production-process connection between markings and weights, and whether or not the markings had any functional purpose. This study also takes into account the ongoing debate surrounding the possible applications of these weights with an attempt being made to analyze the potential uses of the Metropolis finds. All the weights discussed in the study are also presented in detail in the accompanying catalogue table. The twenty pyramidal lead weights unearthed at Metropolis were discovered in different parts of the city and in a variety of built contexts ranging from civilian dwellings to public buildings.

It is declared that scientific and ethical principles were complied with during the preparation of this study and all the works referred are mentioned in the bibliography.

Complaints
belleten@ttk.gov.tr

This article has been reviewed by at least two reviewers using a double blind peer review model. A similarity check was performed to confirm that it was free of plagiarism.

Use of Artificial Intelligence
No artificial intelligence-based tools or applications were used in the preparation of this study. The entire content of the manuscript was produced by the authors in accordance with scientific research methods and academic ethical principles.

License
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC).

The authorizations and support that made this study possible were provided by Metropolis excavations director Professor Serdar Aybek. İzmir Museum experts Eray Aksoy and Firdevs Yamaç handled all the procedures involved in photographing the artifacts. Dr. Şahin Menteşe perfectly drew the weights. Robert Bragner translated my original article into English from Turkish and also edited the final English text. Finally, I extend my thanks to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism’s General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums, as well as to the excavation workers at Metropolis.